Understanding Part-Time Work Participation Among Low-Income Households:Urban and Rural Malaysia Perspectives

Abstract

This study examines the factors influencing part-time employment among low-income households in Malaysia, focusing on urban and rural differences. Using a sample of 1,536 respondents from low-income households, the research examines the impact of economic
perceptions, education, health status, and social belonging on the decision to take part-time jobs. A Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis is employed to identify significant relationships between these variables and part-time employment. The findings reveal that positive perceptions of economic conditions and health increase part-time job participation, while better education and strong social ties reduce it. The study also highlights the moderating effect of urban-rural differences on these relationships, with rural areas facing greater challenges in education and healthcare access. This research provides insights into policy interventions needed to support low-income households, particularly in rural areas.