INDONESIAN WELFARE: THE INFLUENCE OF EMISSIONS, EDUCATION, AND GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH

Abstract

The growth of the Human Development Index in Indonesia from 1998 to 2022 has slowed down, indicating a slowdown in economic performance. This study aims to determine the influence of independent variables consisting of carbon dioxide emissions, female labor force, and gross domestic product per capita growth on the dependent variable of the human development index. A quantitative approach was employed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that, partially, carbon dioxide emissions have a negative and significant effect on the Human Development Index, female labor force has a positive and significant effect on the Human Development Index, while GDP per capita growth does not affect the Human Development Index. The independent variables of carbon dioxide emissions, female labor force, and GDP per capita growth collectively influence the human development index.